Measuring performance differentials across entrepreneurship types

It is increasingly being recognized that different types of entrepreneurs exist with performance levels and contributions to the economy. Two common classifications entrepreneurship are based on professional status start-up motive, where independent own-account workers assumed perform better than dependent self-employed opportunity necessity entrepreneurs. However, these supposed differentials seldomly tested or quantified. Using recent data drawn from European Working Conditions Survey for EU-28, we explore self-employment earnings (as an indicator performance) across types. Our results OLS multilevel linear regressions show indeed observed have significantly lower workers, but difference only 10%, suggesting precarious nature may be overstated in certain policy circles. Regarding our paper highlights importance distinguishing group who simultaneously both motives start a business.